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Minggu, 11 November 2012

Diksi

Diksi, dalam arti aslinya dan pertama, merujuk pada pemilihan kata dan gaya ekspresi oleh penulis atau pembicara. Arti kedua, arti "diksi" yang lebih umum digambarkan dengan enunsiasi kata - seni berbicara jelas sehingga setiap kata dapat didengar dan dipahami hingga kompleksitas dan ekstrimitas terjauhnya. Arti kedua ini membicarakan pengucapan dan intonasi, daripada pemilihan kata dan gaya.

Diksi memiliki beberapa bagian; pendaftaran - kata formal atau informal dalam konteks sosial - adalah yang utama. Analisis diksi secara literal menemukan bagaimana satu kalimat menghasilkan intonasi dan karakterisasi, contohnya penggunaan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan gerakan fisik menggambarkan karakter aktif, sementara penggunaan kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan pikiran menggambarkan karakter yang introspektif. Diksi juga memiliki dampak terhadap pemilihan kata dan sintaks.

Diksi terdiri dari delapan elemen: Fonem, Silabel, Konjungsi, Hubungan, Kata benda, Kata kerja, Infleksi, dan Uterans.
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Rabu, 07 November 2012

Majas

Majas
Majas atau gaya bahasa adalah pemanfaatan kekayaan bahasa, pemakaian ragam tertentu untuk memperoleh efek-efek tertentu, keseluruhan ciri bahasa sekelompok penulis sastra dan cara khas dalam menyampaikan pikiran dan perasaan, baik secara lisan maupun tertulis 

Jenis-jenis Majas

Majas perbandingan
  1. Alegori: Menyatakan dengan cara lain, melalui kiasan atau penggambaran.
Contoh:Perjalanan hidup manusia seperti sungai yang mengalir menyusuri tebing-tebing, yang kadang-kadang sulit ditebak kedalamannya, yang rela menerima segala sampah, dan yang pada akhirnya berhenti ketika bertemu dengan laut.

  1. Alusio: Pemakaian ungkapan yang tidak diselesaikan karena sudah dikenal.
Contoh: Sudah dua hari ia tidak terlihat batang hidungnya.
  1. Simile: Pengungkapan dengan perbandingan eksplisit yang dinyatakan dengan kata depan dan penghubung, seperti layaknya, bagaikan, " umpama", "ibarat","bak", bagai". contoh: Kau umpama air aku bagai minyaknya, bagaikan Qais dan Laila yang dimabuk cinta berkorban apa saja.
  2. Metafora: Pengungkapan berupa perbandingan analogis dengan menghilangkan kata seperti layaknya, bagaikan, dll. contoh: Waspadalah terhadap lintah darat
  3. Antropomorfisme: Metafora yang menggunakan kata atau bentuk lain yang berhubungan dengan manusia untuk hal yang bukan manusia.
  4. Sinestesia: Majas yang berupa suatu ungkapan rasa dari suatu indra yang dicurahkan lewat ungkapan rasa indra lainnya.
  5. Antonomasia: Penggunaan sifat sebagai nama diri atau nama diri lain sebagai nama jenis.
  6. Aptronim: Pemberian nama yang cocok dengan sifat atau pekerjaan orang.
  7. Metonimia: Pengungkapan berupa penggunaan nama untuk benda lain yang menjadi merek, ciri khas, atau atribut.
  8. Hipokorisme: Penggunaan nama timangan atau kata yang dipakai untuk menunjukkan hubungan karib.
  9. Litotes: Ungkapan berupa penurunan kualitas suatu fakta dengan tujuan merendahkan diri.
  10. Hiperbola: Pengungkapan yang melebih-lebihkan kenyataan sehingga kenyataan tersebut menjadi tidak masuk akal.
  11. Personifikasi: Pengungkapan dengan menggunakan perilaku manusia yang diberikan kepada sesuatu yang bukan manusia.
  12. Depersonifikasi: Pengungkapan dengan tidak menjadikan benda-benda mati atau tidak bernyawa.
  13. Pars pro toto: Pengungkapan sebagian dari objek untuk menunjukkan keseluruhan objek.
  14. Totum pro parte: Pengungkapan keseluruhan objek padahal yang dimaksud hanya sebagian.
  15. Eufimisme: Pengungkapan kata-kata yang dipandang tabu atau dirasa kasar dengan kata-kata lain yang lebih pantas atau dianggap halus.
  16. Disfemisme: Pengungkapan pernyataan tabu atau yang dirasa kurang pantas sebagaimana adanya.
  17. Fabel: Menyatakan perilaku binatang sebagai manusia yang dapat berpikir dan bertutur kata.
  18. Parabel: Ungkapan pelajaran atau nilai tetapi dikiaskan atau disamarkan dalam cerita.
  19. Perifrasa: Ungkapan yang panjang sebagai pengganti ungkapan yang lebih pendek.
  20. Eponim: Menjadikan nama orang sebagai tempat atau pranata.
  21. Simbolik: Melukiskan sesuatu dengan menggunakan simbol atau lambang untuk menyatakan maksud.
  22. Asosiasi: perbandingan terhadap dua hal yang berbeda, namun dinyatakan sama.
Majas sindiran
  1. Ironi: Sindiran dengan menyembunyikan fakta yang sebenarnya dan mengatakan kebalikan dari fakta tersebut.
  2. Sarkasme: Sindiran langsung dan kasar.
  3. Sinisme: Ungkapan yang bersifat mencemooh pikiran atau ide bahwa kebaikan terdapat pada manusia (lebih kasar dari ironi).
  4. Satire: Ungkapan yang menggunakan sarkasme, ironi, atau parodi, untuk mengecam atau menertawakan gagasan, kebiasaan, dll.
  5. Innuendo: Sindiran yang bersifat mengecilkan fakta sesungguhnya.
Majas penegasan
  1. Apofasis: Penegasan dengan cara seolah-olah menyangkal yang ditegaskan.
  2. Pleonasme: Menambahkan keterangan pada pernyataan yang sudah jelas atau menambahkan keterangan yang sebenarnya tidak diperlukan.
  3. Repetisi: Perulangan kata, frasa, dan klausa yang sama dalam suatu kalimat.
  4. Pararima: Pengulangan konsonan awal dan akhir dalam kata atau bagian kata yang berlainan.
  5. Aliterasi: Repetisi konsonan pada awal kata secara berurutan.
  6. Paralelisme: Pengungkapan dengan menggunakan kata, frasa, atau klausa yang sejajar.
  7. Tautologi: Pengulangan kata dengan menggunakan sinonimnya.
  8. Sigmatisme: Pengulangan bunyi "s" untuk efek tertentu.
  9. Antanaklasis: Menggunakan perulangan kata yang sama, tetapi dengan makna yang berlainan.
  10. Klimaks: Pemaparan pikiran atau hal secara berturut-turut dari yang sederhana/kurang penting meningkat kepada hal yang kompleks/lebih penting.
  11. Antiklimaks: Pemaparan pikiran atau hal secara berturut-turut dari yang kompleks/lebih penting menurun kepada hal yang sederhana/kurang penting.
  12. Inversi: Menyebutkan terlebih dahulu predikat dalam suatu kalimat sebelum subjeknya.
  13. Retoris: Ungkapan pertanyaan yang jawabannya telah terkandung di dalam pertanyaan tersebut.
  14. Elipsis: Penghilangan satu atau beberapa unsur kalimat, yang dalam susunan normal unsur tersebut seharusnya ada.
  15. Koreksio: Ungkapan dengan menyebutkan hal-hal yang dianggap keliru atau kurang tepat, kemudian disebutkan maksud yang sesungguhnya.
  16. Polisindenton: Pengungkapan suatu kalimat atau wacana, dihubungkan dengan kata penghubung.
  17. Asindeton: Pengungkapan suatu kalimat atau wacana tanpa kata penghubung.
  18. Interupsi: Ungkapan berupa penyisipan keterangan tambahan di antara unsur-unsur kalimat.
  19. Ekskalamasio: Ungkapan dengan menggunakan kata-kata seru.
  20. Enumerasio: Ungkapan penegasan berupa penguraian bagian demi bagian suatu keseluruhan.
  21. Preterito: Ungkapan penegasan dengan cara menyembunyikan maksud yang sebenarnya.
  22. Alonim: Penggunaan varian dari nama untuk menegaskan.
  23. Kolokasi: Asosiasi tetap antara suatu kata dengan kata lain yang berdampingan dalam kalimat.
  24. Silepsis: Penggunaan satu kata yang mempunyai lebih dari satu makna dan yang berfungsi dalam lebih dari satu konstruksi sintaksis.
  25. Zeugma: Silepsi dengan menggunakan kata yang tidak logis dan tidak gramatis untuk konstruksi sintaksis yang kedua, sehingga menjadi kalimat yang rancu.
Majas pertentangan
  1. Paradoks: Pengungkapan dengan menyatakan dua hal yang seolah-olah bertentangan, namun sebenarnya keduanya benar.
  2. Oksimoron: Paradoks dalam satu frasa.
  3. Antitesis: Pengungkapan dengan menggunakan kata-kata yang berlawanan arti satu dengan yang lainnya.
  4. Kontradiksi interminus: Pernyataan yang bersifat menyangkal yang telah disebutkan pada bagian sebelumnya.
  5. Anakronisme: Ungkapan yang mengandung ketidaksesuaian dengan antara peristiwa dengan waktunya.

Macam Macam Majas dan Contohnya :

Majas : Gaya bahasa dalam bentuk tulisan maupun lisan yang dipakai dalam suatu karangan yang bertujuan untuk mewakili perasaan dan pikiran si pengarang.

1) Majas Metafora : Gabungan dua hal yang berbeda yang dapat membentuk suatu pengertian baru. Contoh : Raja siang, kambing hitam

2) Majas Alegori : Majas perbandingan yang memperlihatkan suatu perbandingan yang utuh. Contoh : Suami sebagai nahkoda, Istri sebagai juru mudi

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3) Majas Personifikasi : Majas yang melukiskan suatu benda dengan memberikan sifat – sifat manusia kepada benda, sehingga benda mati seolah-olah hidup. Contoh : Awan menari – nari di angkasa, baru saja berjalan 8 km mobilnya sudah batuk – batuk
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4) Majas Perumpamaan ( Majas Asosiasi ) : Suatu perbandingan dua hal yang berbeda, namun dinyatakan sama. Contoh : Bagaikan harimau pulang kelaparan, seperti menyulam di kain yang lapuk

5) Majas Antilesis : Gaya bahasa yang membandingkan dua hal yang berlawanan. Contoh : Air susu dibalas air tuba

6) Majas Hiperbola : Suatu gaya bahasa yang bersifat melebih – lebihkan. Contoh : Ibu terkejut setengah mati, ketika mendengar anaknya kecelakaan

7) Majas Ironi : Gaya bahasa yang bersifat menyindir dengan halus. Contoh : Bagus sekali tulisanmu, sampai – sampai tidak bisa dibaca

8) Majas Litotes : Majas yang digunakan untuk mengecilkan kenyataan dengan tujuan untuk merendahkan hati. Contoh : Mampirlah ke gubuk saya ( Padahal rumahnya besar dan mewah )

9) Majas Sinisme : Majas yang menyatakan sindiran secara langsung. Contoh : Perilakumu membuatku kesal

10) Majas Oksimoron : Majas yang antarbagiannya menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan. Contoh : Cinta membuatnya bahagia, tetapi juga membuatnya menangis

11) Majas Metonimia : Majas yang memakai merek suatu barang. Contoh : Kami ke rumah nenek naik kijang

12) Majas Alusio : Majas yang mepergunakan peribahasa / kata – kata yang artinya diketahui umum. Contoh : Upacara ini mengingatkan aku pada proklamasi kemerdekaan tahun 1945

13) Majas Eufemisme : Majas yang menggunakan kata – kata / ungkapan halus / sopan. Contoh : Para tunakarya itu perlu diperhatikan

14) Majas Elipsis : Majas yang manghilangkan suatu unsure kalimat. Contoh : Kami ke rumah nenek ( penghilangan predikat pergi )

15) Majas Inversi : Majas yang dinyatakan oleh pangubahan suatu kalimat. Contoh : Aku dan dia telah bertemu > Telah bertemu, aku dan dia

16) Majas Pleonasme : Majas yang menggunakan kata – kata secara berlebihan dengan maksud untuk menegaskan arti suatu kata. Contoh : Mari naik ke atas agar dapat meliahat pemandangan

17) Majas Antiklimaks : Majas yang menyatakan sesuatu hal berturut – turut yang makin lama makin menurun. Contoh : Para bupati, para camat, dan para kepala desa

18) Majas Klimaks : Majas yang menyatakan beberapa hal berturut – turut yang makin lama makin mendebat. Contoh : Semua anak – anak, remaja, dewasa, orang tua dan kakek

19) Majas Retoris : Majas yang berupa kalimat tanya yang jawabanya sudah diketahui. Contoh : Siapakah yang tidak ingin hidup ?

20) Majas Aliterasi : Majas yang memanfaatkan kata – kata yang bunyi awalnya sama. Contoh : Inikah Indahnya Impian ?

21) Majas Antanaklasis : Majas yang mengandung ulangan kata yang sama dengan makna yang berbeda. Contoh : Ibu membawa buah tangan, yaitu buah apel merah

22) Majas Repetisi : Majas perulangan kata – kata sebagai penegasan. Contoh : Selamat tinggal pacarku, selamat tinggal kekasihku

23) Majas Paralelisme : Majas perulangan sebagaimana halnya repetisi, disusun dalam baris yang berbeda. Contoh : Hati ini biru Hati ini lagu Hati ini debu

24) Majas Kiasmus : Majas yang berisi perulangan dan sekaligus mengandung inverse. Contoh : Mereka yang kaya merasa miskin, dan yang miskin merasa kaya

25) Majas Simbolik : Majas perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan membandingkan dengan benda – benda lain. Contoh : Dia menjadi lintah darat

26) Majas Antonomasia : Majas yang menyebutkan nama lain terhadap seseorang yang berdasarkan cirri / sifat menonjol yang dimilikinya. Contoh : Si pincang, Si
jangkung, Si kribo

27) Majas Tautologi : Majas yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan mempergunakan kata – kata yang sama artinya ( bersinonim ) untuk mempertegas arti. Contoh : Saya khawatir dan was – was dengannya

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Tanggapan(komentar):: Majas memilki berbagai macam bentuk,diatas adalah contoh dari berbagai macam majas. Majas tersebut bertujuan untuk mewakili perasaan dan pikiran si pengarang

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Rabu, 10 Oktober 2012

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LATENESS

Last morning, Dinar, my roommate woke up late and she had to go to campus.

When she wanted to take her motorcycle, in fact she couldn’t move it because there were some motorcycles that blocked up her motorcycle.

She tried to move all of the motorcycles, so that her motorcycle could move from the garage. But she couldn’t do it.

Then, she called Adel who had that motorcycle which blocked it up. After that, her friend who had that motorcycle helped her. Finally, she could move her motorcycle and rode it to go to campus.
 
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MY UNFORTUNATES

Last weekend was my luckiest day ever. Many good things were coming toward me.

When the morning broke in Sunday morning, I woke up and planned to jog around the neighborhood. So I changed my clothes and went to the bathroom to wash my sleepy face. As I stepped in the bathroom, I landed my foot on a soap in the floor and feel down. A perfect morning hi for me. Next, I began my jogging and saw my gorgeous neighbor, jogging to. I though it was a good fortune to omit the gap between us. So I jogged to him and say hello. But, how poor of me, it was not him. It just someone I never met before who looked like to him. I was going home with people laugh at me along side of the street.

When I got home, the breakfast already settled and I immediately spooned a big portion of rice and ate. After I have done my breakfast my mother came up and said that the meal have not ready yet and she said that I may have a stomachache if I ate it. It was proven, I had a stomachache for the next three days.

I past my weekend lie down on me bed and be served as a queen. That was not really bad, wasn't it.

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MY BUSY DAY

Last Monday was a busy day for me. I spent my time to do a lot of activities from college to my home.
First, at the morning, I did my presentation's assignment with my partner, she was Nurhidayah. It took 3 hours. And then we went to the campus for joining lecture. But, the lecturer said that our presentation would be started next week. It made us disappointed. The class was finished at 12.30.
 
After that, I had to go home because my grandmother was in a bad condition. She was hospitalized. So, it was a must for me to back home at that time. When I got there, there were so many members of my family. There were about 10 people. My aunt, my niece, my uncle and some of my cousins. We all hoped that our grandmother would get better soon.
Those activities made my day busy.
 
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MY VACATION WITH MY BELOVED SISTER AND BOYFRIEND 

One day, my sister said to me that she really wanted to go to the beach. So I promised her that the next day we would go to Maron beach in Semarang. 

The next day, we prepared many things in the morning. We brought some foods and beverages, such as fried rice, chocolate wafers, potato chips, water and orange juice. Before going to the beach, I ask my boyfriend, Kiki, to join us going to the beach. He agreed to join and he came to my house. After that, we went to the beach. We went there by motorbike. It took 25 minutes to arrive there. Then, we bought tickets in the entrance gate. Before swimming, we changed our clothes first. We swam there for more than one hour. We felt so tired that we decided to eat the foods that we had brought. Next, my boyfriend and I created a very big sand castle, while my sister continued swimming. After that, we decided to go home because it was getting dark.

On the way home, we still felt hungry. So we stopped at a Javanese restaurant to eat something. I ordered gudeg, while my boyfriend and my sister ordered rames rice. After finished eating, we paid our bills. Then, we went home. We arrived at home at 6 o’clock and we were absolutely exhausted.

That was a very exhausting day, but I felt so happy that I could have a vacation with my sister and my boyfriend.
 
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THE FLOOD 

One Christmas in 2007, I was joining a final test try out at school. It was held from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. One of my schoolmates, Rini, asked me for accompanying her to the bus stop. When we arrived there, suddenly the heavy rain fell down from the sky. Rini suggested me to go home soon while she was entering the bus.

It was still raining when I was home. The rain did not stop and became bigger when the night had come. People were standing in front of their house, hoping that the flood would not come. In the middle of the night, I got news that South Purwodadi had been drowned.

The next day, Purwodadi had become a flood area. All activities were paralyzed. No one went for work or school because the land had been covered by flood. However, I thank God for not allowing the flood entered my house. Even my house had been changed into an emergency kitchen. It was so crowded there. I and my father took a walk around the center market and Central Purwodadi. All that we could see was water and water. At night, the flood looked like a beautiful ocean with the moonlight on it. I felt as if I was one of the passengers of Titanic who was sailing on the sea.

Finally, the flood was starting to decrease in the next morning. I and my family cleaned our front yard together. That was the greatest flood that I had ever experienced in my hometown.
 

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MY BUSY HOLIDAY

On April 16th, 2010, I thought this would be a great holiday for me because that was the holy day for Hindhu people . I was so tired about the study, so I guessed this time I could get full refresh anyway. However, the fact said the other way.

First like an ordinary daughter, I had to get up early morning helping my mother, of course after I prayed. Then I did my chores, cleaned up my room, and spread out my bed under the sun ray. I was really in danger if my mom knew that my room was messy. So, I made it as soon as possible. Second, my aunts called me in the afternoon. I did not meet them for a long time, that was the way I kept for hours to talk with them. After that, unpredictable my neighbor visited me. She asked my help finishing her homework. At last, the time was running and I just remembered that I had a lot of homework. I got mad, confused and regretful why I did not check my homework before. Therefore, I did my homework until 2:00 a.m. the next morning.

I did not feel this was holiday instead of I had to work hard and got a long ship with my homework.
 
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A STUDY TOUR TO BALI

I was in senior high school when at the first time I went to Bali Island. I went there with my teachers and my friends. It was a study tour actually. My teacher, me class friends, and I were in the same bus. We left our school at 8 a.m.

The journey from Pati to Bali took a day. I was so exhausted because I had to sit along the journey. Actually, it was a funny journey because I spent all of my time with my friends, like playing games, laughing, and kidding. But I felt that all of my tiredness gone all of sudden when we arrived at the Sanur Beach. It was still morning, I saw a sun rise which was so beautiful.

Then we were drove to the hotel to take a rest and had meals. After that, we went to the Nusa Dua Beach. There were so many activities to do there. We could play parasailing, banana boat, and so on. But I chose to go to a little island which had a lot of reptile there. There were snake, turtles, etc. The scenery was so beautiful because I was in the middle of the sea! Next, we went to Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK). There were two statues which were so big. They were Wisnu and his bird, called Garuda. I was interested in its relief on the rock but, actually, I did not know the story on it. At last, we went to the Sosro Company. We learned a lot of things there from the first step till the end of making a tea. After that, we went back to Pati.

After a very long journey, through the land and the sea, I learned something about nature and human products. Although it took a lot of my energy, I felt so happy because I spent all of my time with my friends.
 
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MY FIRST EXPERIENCE TO BE AN ALONE BACKPACKER

I like to go out to find a new place. 

When I was in second semester, I went to Bekasi alone to visit my friend. I built my strenght to go there without knowing anything. 

Firstly, I went to Terboyo to find Sinar Jaya bus to Bekasi. Unfortunately, there was no Sinar Jaya bus. A man in a locket told me to go to someone who could bring me to Bekasi. I felt so happy bacause my planning would be happen. I just payed money and got the bus. Everything was gonna be alright until the bus came to Tegal. 

In Tegal bus station, a man in the bus asked me go out from the bus because that bus would bus come to Bandung.,not Jakarta ones. I felt so confused because there were so many strange men around me. After they talked for several hours, i was brought to a new one. I tried to adapt in that bus. People around me said that was true bus to Bekasi. I could not guess what I felt. The bus walked so fast until in Cikampek. When the bus was in Cikampek subway, someone told me that the bus did not pass Cikarang, so when I wanted to go tehre, I had to take off in Lippo. 

Fortunately, a man told me that he had the same destination with me. I felt so happy. I could not imagine if there was not that man.
 
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MY HOLIDAY (UNPREDICTABLE BUT FUN) 

It was Sunday, the end of my holiday indeed, when friends of mine suddenly came to my home and picked me up. They told me that we were going to go out of town. That was unpredictable and really surprised me because there was no any confirmation before.

At 9 o’clock in the morning, we departed from my home and realized that the road was very crowded. Then, we decided to take freeway to save the time. For about thirty minutes later, we were out. But not arrived yet. We tried to find a store to buy some food and drink as our provisions. After we got them, we continued our trip to Boyolali. Well, it took approximately two hours to get there.

In the afternoon, we arrived and came in to one of my friend’s house first. There, we could take some rest and had lunch together. After that, according to the plan, we had to continue our trip to go to Tlatar. But, my friend’s mother asked us to take some fruit as gift. The fruit such as mangoes, rambutans and guava. It was out of our meant, but we accepted it. Of course, moreover, they could complete our provisions, right?.

After we got a lot of gift, we went to Tlatar, a special nature park and pond in Boyolali. The way to get there was really nice, we could see the fields and woods around us with the beautiful mountain behind them. Furthermore, we could feel the fresh air which was difficult to be found in Semarang. In Tlatar, we could swim and fishing. While some of us were swimming, the others were fishing or just enjoyed the view. We also ordered some food and drink.

The other and the last place we visited was Badhe Dam. It was big dam in Boyolali. We got there when it was getting afternoon around at five o’clock. Well, the situation there was really amazing. It was the right place to calm our self and mind. The beautiful dam with the blue sky were really a wonderful mixture of nature. We relaxed and felt calm. And did not forget to take pictures together.

At six, we realized that it was getting to dark, we had to back to Semarang. So, we decided to departed right away. We were very glad and enjoyed our trip together. We would never forget it.
    
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